Showing posts with label War. Show all posts
Showing posts with label War. Show all posts

Friday, December 13, 2013

Fred Van Lente Talks Sect Civil War and “A Theological Game of Telephone”

german dailies about Muammar Gaddafi – behind newspaper box bars (23rd February 2011)
egypt civil war
Image by quapan

Zu ÄGYPTEN:

Bildüberschrift im Tagesspiegel: "Kairos der Freiheit"

Bildüberschrift in Mopo: "Deutschland reicht Ägypten die Hand"

Zu LIBYEN:

Schlagzeile (Tagesspiegel): "EU prüft Militäraktion in Libyen" ||

Unterschlagzeile: "Noch 160 Bündesbürger im Land / Deutsche Kriegsschiffe sollen bei der Rettung helfen"

Schlagzeile (Mopo): "Wulff: Gaddafi ist ein Psychopath" ||

Unterschlagzeile: "Bundespräsident verlangt ‘mutiges Auftreten’ der EU – Libyens Diktator lässt auf Moschee schießen"

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Who is Muammar Gaddafi? (according to wikipedia)

On Prophet Muhammed’s birthday in 1973, Gaddafi delivered his famous "Five-Point Address" which declared:

- Suspension of all existing laws and implementation of Shari’a

- Purging the country of the "politically sick"

- Creation of a "people’s militia" to "protect the revolution"

- Administrative revolution

- Cultural revolution

School vacations were canceled to teach Gaddafi’s thoughts to children in the summer of 1973.

Gaddafi based his new regime on a blend of Arab nationalism, aspects of the welfare state, and what Gaddafi termed "popular democracy", or more commonly "direct, popular democracy". He called this system "Islamic socialism", and, while he permitted private control over small companies, the government controlled the larger ones. Welfare, "liberation" (or “emancipation” depending on the translation), and education were emphasized. He also imposed a system of Islamic morals, outlawing alcohol and gambling. Like previous revolutionary figures of the 20th century such as Mao and his Little Red Book, Gaddafi outlined his political philosophy in his Green Book to reinforce the ideals of this socialist-Islamic state and published it in three volumes between 1975 and 1979.

In 1977, Gaddafi proclaimed that Libya was changing its form of government from a republic to a "jamahiriya" – a neologism that means "mass-state" or "government by the masses". In theory, Libya became a direct democracy governed by the people through local popular councils and communes. At the top of this structure was the General People’s Congress, with Gaddafi as secretary-general. However, after only two years, Gaddafi gave up all of his governmental posts in keeping with the new egalitarian philosophy.

Gaddafi established close relations with communist regimes.

With respect to Libya’s neighbors, Gaddafi followed Gamal Abdel Nasser’s ideas of pan-Arabism and became a fervent advocate of the unity of all Arab states into one Arab nation. He also supported pan-Islamism, the notion of a loose union of all Islamic countries and peoples. After Nasser’s death on 28 September 1970, Gaddafi attempted to take up the mantle of ideological leader of Arab nationalism. He proclaimed the "Federation of Arab Republics" (Libya, Egypt, and Syria) in 1972, hoping to create a pan-Arab state, but the three countries disagreed on the specific terms of the merger. In 1974, he signed an agreement with Tunisia’s Habib Bourguiba on a merger between the two countries, but this also failed to work in practice and ultimately differences between the two countries would deteriorate into strong animosity.

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MEDIA COVERAGE


February 21: Eine Revolution gegen den Revolutionsführer? Von Thomas Schmidinger: Research Fellow an der University of Minnesota (USA) und Vorstandsmitglied der im Nahen Osten tätigen Hilfsorganisation LeEZA.
"The Jamahiriya is the paradise on earth!" verkündete ein Transparent über dem Eingang jenes Jugendcamps, das ich Mitte der 1990er gemeinsam mit anderen linken Jugendlichen aus Europa in Libyen besuchte. Für linke Teenager mit Interesse am arabischen Raum war das damals noch unter einer internationalen Blockade leidende Land mit seinem exzentrischen Revolutionsführer – der behauptete, er habe keinen Staat gegründet, sondern eine basisdemokratische "Volksmassenrepublik" (eben eine Jamahiriya) – durchaus interessant.

Dass es kein Paradies auf Erden war, wurde aber jedem, der seinen Verstand nicht ausgeschalten hatte, rasch klar. Wer es wagte, kritische Fragen zur Menschenrechtssituation zu stellen, wurde zum Handlanger des imperialistisch-zionistischen Feindes erklärt. Nach einer Woche Indoktrinierung mit Phrasen aus der im "Grünen Buch" zusammengefassten kruden politischen Theorie Muammar al-Gaddafis war man entweder auf Linie oder hielt die libysche Führung für völlig verrückt. Spätestens als mir einer der Vorsitzenden irgendeines Revolutionskomitees eine arabische Übersetzung der "Protokolle der Weisen von Zion" mit dem Hinweis empfahl, doch dort nachzulesen wie die Juden die Welt beherrschen würden, war ich von meinen letzten Sympathien für den Revolutionsführer geheilt.

Die Menschenrechtssituation in Libyen ist schon seit langem katastrophal. NGOs haben regelmäßig die völlige Kontrolle der Medien, die politische Justiz und die katastrophalen Bedingungen in den Gefängnissen kritisiert. Die aktuellen Proteste haben sich an der Verhaftung eines Anwalts entzündet. Dieser vertrat Familienangehörige von bis zu 1200 Gefangenen, die das Regime im Jahr 1996 nach einem Häftlingsaufstand im Abu-Salim-Gefängnis bei Tripolis erschießen ließ.

Bis vor einigen Jahren konnten jene, die sich in politischer Enthaltsamkeit übten, zumindest von der breiten Ausschüttung der Gewinne aus den Erdöleinnahmen des Regimes profitieren. Nach den erfolgreichen Revolutionen in den Nachbarstaaten Tunesien und Ägypten scheint dies Libyens Bevölkerung nicht mehr zu genügen. Gaddafi wird jedoch nicht so leicht zu stürzen sein wie Hosni Mubarak oder Zine Ben Ali. Er lässt Söldner gegen die eigene Bevölkerung einsetzen. Sein Sohn, Jörg-Haider-Intimus Saif al-Islam, droht mit Bürgerkrieg.

Gestützt wurde das Regime in den vergangenen Jahren auch von Europa, das Libyen für die Abwehr afrikanischer Flüchtlinge belohnte. Gaddafis Freunde saßen nicht nur in Kärnten, sondern auch in Rom und anderen Hauptstädten Europas. Wird Europa auch das Massaker decken, das Gaddafis untergehendes Regime jetzt an der eigenen Bevölkerung anrichtet?


February 22: Why Libya Will Not Be Democratic Benjamin R. Barber. Author of ‘Strong Democracy’ and ‘Jihad vs. McWorld’

Posted: February 22, 2011 03:16 PM …the outcome is likely to be tragic rather than democratic. …If Gadhafi’s resistance to the resistance fails, he is likely to die a martyr. No comfortable exile in Caracas for him. Remember, Gadhafi is no Mubarak or Bashar al-Assad, a second or third generation bureaucratic heir to once revolutionary dictatorships. He is a founding revolutionary cut from the same cloth as Nasser and Castro, and his revolutionary rhetoric, if seemingly incoherent and irrelevant to the modern world, is authentic, rooted in the (mostly) vanished world of colonialism, imperialism, socialism and people’s democracy.

He is also a clan leader, and in tribal North Africa clans and tribes retain political significance. It was as a member of the Qadaffa clan that Saif Gadhafi pledged allegiance to his father on Sunday night, despite Saif’s own genuine history as a reformer and human rights advocate in Libya. Blood trumps principle. While the other supposedly more complacent and pro-regime sons stood by, Saif stood up and martyred his six-year campaign to rescue Libya from autocracy in order to rescue his father from the consequences of autocracy — embracing his father’s struggle to the death. Cynics write Saif off as a hypocrite and reformist poseur, but the truth is quite different, the stuff of an epic tragedy for which the Libyan people are paying a terrible price.

If, then, Gadhafi loses the "revolutionary" struggle to maintain his Libyan Jamahiriya (people’s democratic revolution) and his tribal struggle to uphold the "honor" of his clan, the Qadaffa, against rivals like the Zuwayya in the East or the Warfalla in the South, Libya may be in for — if not the "civil war" and the "rivers of blood" predicted by Saif Gadhafi on Sunday night — a long period of civil unrest and tribal turmoil. There is no coherent force like a Muslim Brotherhood or a Baathist Party or a professional military to step in either to rule or to pave the way to elections.

The only reform movement was the weak one headed by Saif Gadhafi (!), whose International Foundation for Development and Charity was doing human rights work, and which has now been disbanded (its international governing board on which I served has resigned and its honorable reformist executive director has stepped down in "dismay" over the violence. See my resignation letter at BenjaminBarber.org). But Saif has now aligned himself with his father’s regime. If the father is deposed, there is little chance the son can go back to being a reformer and human rights advocate. And Oxford University Press, which contracted to publish the two extraordinary books Saif wrote on civil society and democratic reform in the developing world, will presumably now cancel publication.

The one thing that will not happen in the event of Gadhafi’s removal from power is democracy; not now, and not for a long time. Nothing like the conditions that obtained in Cairo obtain in Libya. Rather, continued conflict and chaos and an eventual emergence of a new autocratic regime is likely. Probably not an Islamic regime, since Gadhafi’s revolution has been secular and anti-Islamicist, and tribalism is more important than religion in the countryside. In any case, a revolution overthrowing the revolution is not a recipe for democracy. Keep in mind that even in Cairo, the two key members of the Supreme Council supposedly overseeing a transition to democracy are Mubarak’s appointees and comrades-in-arms Field Marshall Tantawi and Prime Minister Shafiq …

IF HE SURVIVES: On the other hand, it is unlikely, but not impossible, that Gadhafi will survive, not just because he has access to overwhelming firepower (if he can control those who wield it), but because he has clan and tribal support and at least tacit consent from many Libyans who have depended on him over the years for their own survival. He is a crafty and intelligent survivalist. No autocrat endures for 42 years holding no formal political office because he is a bumbling buffoon totally out of touch (as the media have always treated him and are treating him now –>Zenga Zenga Song). Indeed, the current efforts at the UN to establish a "no fly zone over Libya" can only give credence to his and Saif’s argument that the uprising will become an excuse for foreign "imperialist" intervention. It was no accident that Gadhafi stood today in front of his old residence, where his daughter died in the U.S. bombing during the Reagan era, to offer his rambling diatribe against foreigners.


February 25: American, French & British Military Advisers Land In Libya, Posted by majestic on February 25, 2011@disinformation According to DEBKAfile, western military advisers have landed in Libya and are actively assisting anti-government forces:

Hundreds of US, British and French military advisers have arrived in Cyrenaica, Libya’s eastern breakaway province, DEBKAfile’s military sources report exclusively. This is the first time America and Europe have intervened militarily in any of the popular upheavals rolling through the Middle East since Tunisia’s Jasmine Revolution in early January. The advisers, including intelligence officers, were dropped from warships and missile boats at the coastal towns of Benghazi and Tobruk Thursday Feb. 24, for a threefold mission:

1. To help the revolutionary committees controlling eastern Libyan establish government frameworks for supplying two million inhabitants with basic services and commodities;

2. To organize them into paramilitary units, teach them how to use the weapons they captured from Libyan army facilities, help them restore law and order on the streets and train them to fight Muammar Qaddafi’s combat units coming to retake Cyrenaica.

3. The prepare infrastructure for the intake of additional foreign troops. Egyptian units are among those under consideration…


February 26: a christian fundamentalist blogger writes on February 26, 2011 Armed men in green armbands, along with uniformed security forces check those trying to enter the district, where graffiti that says “Gadhafi, you Jew,” “Down to the dog,” and “Tajoura is free” was scrawled on walls.

Outside the capital, rebels held a long swath of about half of Libya’s 1,000-mile (1,600-kilometer) Mediterranean coastline where most of the population lives, and even captured a brigadier general and a soldier Saturday as the Libyan army tried to retake an air base east of Tripoli. The state-run news agency also said the opposition held an air defense commander and several other officers.

On Friday, pro-Gadhafi militiamen — including snipers — fired on protesters trying to mount the first significant anti-government marches in days in Tripoli.

Gadhafi, speaking from the ramparts of a historic Tripoli fort, told supporters to prepare to defend the nation as he faced the biggest challenge to his 42-year rule.

“At the suitable time, we will open the arms depot so all Libyans and tribes become armed, so that Libya becomes red with fire,” Gadhafi said.


February 28 / March 1: Hugo Chavez Refuses To Condemn Muammar Gaddafi, Warns That U.S. Is Preparing Invasion Of Libya First Posted: 02/28/11 11:14 PM Updated: 03/ 1/11 11:00 PM CARACAS, Venezuela (AP) — Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez said Monday that he won’t condemn Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi and he warned the United States is preparing an invasion of the North African country.

"A campaign of lies is being spun together regarding Libya," Chavez said during a televised speech. "I’m not going to condemn him. I’d be a coward to condemn someone who has been my friend.

…Chavez slammed the United States for moving naval and air forces closer to Libya amid active international discussions about imposing a no-fly zone over the country, and he warned that U.S. officials are preparing to invade Libya.

Chavez and Gaddafi, united in their mutual antagonism toward Washington, have forged close ties.

Venezuela’s opposition has strongly criticized Chavez for his close relationship to Gaddafi. Earlier on Monday, a coalition of opposition parties warned that Chavez’s failure to take a stand against Gaddafi’s violence crackdown is smearing Venezuela’s reputation.

"By distancing himself from the numerous nations that condemn the criminal actions of the Libyan leader, Chavez makes our country out to be his defender and irresponsibly puts us alongside governments rejected by the international community," the coalition said in a statement.

Opposition politician Gustavo Azocar demanded that Chavez ask Gaddafi to return a replica of the sword that once belonged to 19th-century independence hero Simon Bolivar.

Azocar said in an e-mail sent to The AP on Monday that Venezuela’s foreign minister, Nicolas Maduro, "should explain why the government gave the sword of the Liberator, Simon Bolivar, to an assassin like Gaddafi."

Chavez gave the sword to Gaddafi last year. The self-proclaimed socialist has scoffed at suggestions by his adversaries that protests similar to those sweeping the Middle East could occur in Venezuela.

___


AP writer Fabiola Sanchez in Caracas contributed to this report."


March 4: Total versandet: Gaddafi und Erdogan. von Markus Bey | 04. März 2011@standard.at Einmarsch, Bombardierung und/oder Flugverbotszone mit (unwahrscheinlich) oder ohne (auch schon oft erprobt) Sanktus der UNO sind für die türkische Führung definitiv tabu. Ein vom Westen arrangierter „regime change" würde den Charakter der arabischen Revolutionen völlig verändern. Das wäre nicht die "neue arabische Welt" mit den zurechtgestutzten USA, von der Ibrahim Kalin, der außenpolitische Berater von Premierminister Tayyip Erdogan träumt. In einem Op-ed für die englischsprachige Ausgabe der Tageszeitung Zaman schrieb er dieser Tage: "Working with democratic governments as equals, the US may cease to be the protector of oppression and corruption in the Arab world."

Jetzt ist es im besonderen Fall mit Libyen so, dass ausgerechnet Erdogan vor knapp drei Monaten den schönen "Gaddafi Menschenrechtspreis" in Tripolis entgegengenommen hat (250.000 US-Dollar) und in seiner Dankesrede, die auslegbare, aber unter den gegenwärtigen libyschen Bedingungen schwierige Feststellung traf: "Wir nehmen eine ehrbare Haltung gegen alle Formen der Ungerechtigkeit und der Ungesetzlichkeit auf der Welt ein, und wir sind reif genug, nötigenfalls uns selbst und unsere Umwelt zu hinterfragen." Aus einer solchen Ecke muss man erst wieder einmal herauskurven können, was eine gewisse Zeit dauert.


March 4: Gedankenexperiment zu Muammar Gaddafi. Von Christian Ortner. 4.März 2011@wienerzeitung.at Machen ein paar hundert oder auch tausend zusätzliche Tote in seiner Mord-Bilanz einen qualitativen Unterschied? Oder ist der Unterschied zwischen dem etwas exzentrischen, aber letztlich doch akzeptierten libyschen Führer und dem Despoten, dem nichts zu wünschen bleibt als eine treffsichere Cruise-Missile, letztlich doch nur die ihm zur Verfügung stehende militärische Macht?

Das kleine Gedankenexperiment macht sichtbar, dass Österreich und der ganze Westen aus der arabischen Revolution bis dato nichts gelernt haben. Die – gewiss schwierige – Frage nach der Grenze zwischen moralischer ("Wir sind auf der Seite der Unterdrückten") und rein interessengeleiteter ("Geschäft ist Geschäft") Außenpolitik ist genauso unbeantwortet wie vor dem Fall der nahöstlichen Dunkelmänner.

Das ist etwas unklug und unredlich. Entschieden wir uns für die interessengeleitete Variante, sollten wir den nach wie vor Unterdrückten von Saudi-Arabien bis Kasachstan ehrlich kommunizieren, dass wir bloß an sogenannter Stabilität und nicht an Wandel interessiert sind und ihre Demokratiebewegung nichts, aber auch gar nichts von uns zu erwarten haben. Das wäre zwar unsympathisch, aber wenigstens ehrlich.

Entschieden wir uns hingegen für eine "moralische" Außenpolitik, und sei es gegen kurzfristige nationale Interessen, wäre ein klares Bekenntnis zu den jeweiligen Demokratiebewegungen die logische Folge, verbunden mit einem Konfrontationskurs gegenüber den Despoten. Das könnte ökonomisch kurzfristig kostspielig sein, aber dafür moralisch stimmig. Das Beispiel Saudi-Arabiens zeigt freilich das Risiko: Dort einen moralisch gerechtfertigten Aufstand zu unterstützen, heißt in der Praxis, einen Benzinpreis von 3 Euro pro Liter zu riskieren.


March 5: Welche Lybien-Optionen haben die USA? Washington (dpa) – Selten hat Barack Obama so lange gezögert und gezaudert. Es dauerte Wochen, bis der US-Präsident öffentlich wenigstens den Abgang von Muammar al-Gaddafi forderte. Doch noch immer haben die USA das Heft des Handelns nicht in die Hand genommen.

Scheinbar hilflos schaut die «Weltmacht Number One» dem Gemetzel in Libyen zu. Zwar heißt es offiziell: Alle Optionen sind offen. Doch in Wahrheit sind die Möglichkeiten beschränkt – Libyen gilt US-Militärs als riskantes Pflaster.

Vor allem die erbitterten Kämpfe um die Stadt Al-Sawija, wo Gaddafi-Einheiten mit schweren Waffen vorgehen, setzen die USA weiter unter Druck. Der Präsident sei entsetzt, berichtet der Sprecher des Weißen Hauses, Jay Carney. Dreimal täglich lasse Obama sich jetzt von seinen Experten über die Lage informieren – ein klares Zeichen, wie ernst der «commander in chief» die Lage nimmt.

«Wir nehmen keine Option vom Tisch», betont Carney – ohne jedoch zu sagen, um welche Alternativen es sich tatsächlich handelt. Doch eines wird immer deutlicher: Der Druck für die Weltmacht USA zu handeln, nimmt zu, je blutiger und grausamer der Kampf in Libyen wird.

So warnt denn die «Washington Post» angesichts der Schlacht um Al-Sawija: «Der Einsatz für Washington erhöht sich.» Die Frage ist: Wie lange können die USA weiterhin tatenlos zuschauen?

Doch die Militärs sind skeptisch, spielen auf Zeit, wiegeln ab. «Es gibt ehrlich gesagt, eine Menge loses Gerede über einige dieser militärischen Optionen», bremste Verteidigungsminister Robert Gates in ungewöhnlich ungeschminkter Manier. Vor allem die immer wieder ins Spiel gebrachte Möglichkeit einer Flugverbotszone irritiert den Minister – die Sache sei riskant und gefährlich, es handele sich um Krieg.

«Lasst uns die Sache beim Namen nennen«, meinte Gates kürzlich vor einem Kongressausschuss. «Eine Flugverbotszone beginnt mit einem Angriff auf Libyen, um die Flugabwehr zu zerstören.» Konkret: US-Kampfjets müssten die libysche Luftwaffe sowie alle Flugabwehrraketen ausschalten. Intern warnen Militärs: Die libysche Abwehr sei effektiver als die irakische beim US-Angriff auf Bagdad 2003.

Immerhin, die US-Militärs sind dabei, für den «Fall der Fälle« Vorbereitungen zu treffen – falls eine Intervention unausweichlich erscheint. So ist etwa der Hubschrauberträger «USS Kearsarge» mit 1200 Mann an Bord , darunter fast 800 Marineinfanteristen, in Kreta eingetroffen, wie der griechische Rundfunk meldet. Das Schiff eignet sich für Landungsunternehmen und Evakuierungsaktionen. Schon am Donnerstag waren auf der Mittelmeerinsel 400 amerikanische Soldaten gelandet, verlautet aus diplomatischen Quellen….


March 8: Gaddafi befiehlt blutige Offensive gegen sein Volk
Die Regimegegner stellen dem Diktator ein 72-Stunden-Ultimatum: Straffreiheit, wenn er ausreist. Doch Muammar Gaddafi antwortet mit einer schweren Offensive. Er lässt Bomben werfen, Panzer vorrücken – und der Westen debattiert ob und wie er eingreifen soll.

SPIEGEL-Reporter Clemens Höges berichtet per SMS, bis zum späten Nachmittag sei es im Kampfgebiet zwischen Ben Dschawad und Ras Lanuf verhältnismäßig ruhig gewesen. Doch dann habe sich die Lage schlagartig geändert: "Es gab ein heftiges Feuergefecht vor Ben Dschawad, Gaddafis Armee setzte wohl auch Raketenwerfer ein. Hier im von Rebellen gehaltenen Ras Lanuf werden gerade die ersten Verwundeten eingeliefert." Von der Front zurückweichende Rebellen klagen in Ras Lanuf: "Unser Leute sterben da draußen. Sie haben Artillerie und Panzer."

Am schlimmsten traf es offenbar den Ort Sawija, der schon seit Tagen schwer umkämpft war. Alex Crawford, Reporter des TV-Senders Sky, berichtet vom rücksichtslosen Vorgehen der Armee. "Die Soldaten schossen nicht, um die Leute zu erschrecken. Sie schossen, um zu töten." Krankenwagen seien von den Soldaten unter Feuer genommen worden, ebenso unbewaffnete Demonstranten, die sich den Panzern entgegenstellten.

Dann die Angriffswelle am Dienstagnachmittag: Ein in London lebender Libyer berichtet der BBC von einem Telefonat mit seiner Familie in Sawija. Seine Angehörigen seien schließlich vor dem heftigen Bombardement aus der Stadt geflohen. Sawija sei "vom Angesicht der Erde gelöscht". Die Gaddafi-treuen Truppen würden wahllos auf alle schießen.

Dem Sky-Reporter geben die Menschen in Sawija ihren Hilferuf mit auf den Weg: "Sagen Sie der Uno, dass wir Hilfe brauchen. Gaddafi bringt ganz Libyen um. Schicken Sie Ihren Bericht. Die Welt muss sehen, was hier passiert."

Die Uno-Vetomacht Russland kritisiert die Gewalt gegen die Bevölkerung in dem nordafrikanischen Land scharf, lehnt aber eine internationale Militäraktion dort ab. Moskau hatte in den vergangenen Jahren mehrfach Waffen an Gaddafi geliefert. Am Mittwoch wird US-Vizepräsident Joe Biden zu Gesprächen mit Kremlchef Dmitri Medwedew in Moskau erwartet.


March 8: Gaddafi jetzt rund um die Uhr unter Beobachtung 08.03.2011, 7:06 Uhr
Bislang hatte die NATO ihre AWACS-Flugzeuge im Mittelmeerraum täglich nur zehn Stunden eingesetzt. Wie der amerikanische NATO-Botschafter Ivo Daalder mitteilte, habe das Bündnis beschlossen, diesen Zeitraum nun auf 24 Stunden auszuweiten. Ziel sei, "ein besseres Bild davon zu bekommen, was wirklich in diesem Teil der Welt vor sich geht." …

Der libysche Außenminister Kussa warf derweil Frankreich, Großbritannien und den USA vor, mit einer Verschwörung die Spaltung Libyens voranzutreiben. Die drei Staaten seien zu diesem Zweck mit den Rebellen in Ostlibyen in Kontakt, sagte Kussa vor Journalisten in Tripolis. "Der Kolonialismus ist wieder zurückgekehrt", sagte Kussa. Libyens territoriale Integrität sei jedoch unantastbar. "Wir werden dafür sterben."


March 9: Gaddafi-Truppen auf dem Vormarsch Gaddafis Truppen stehen offenbar kurz vor der Rückeroberung der Stadt Al-Zawiya im Westen des Landes. Die regierungstreuen Soldaten kontrollierten die Hauptverkehrsstraße und die Vororte, berichteten Aufständische. Panzer seien in 1.500 Meter Entfernung vom zentralen Platz zu sehen, der von Aufständischen gehalten werde. Scharfschützen der Regierungstruppen seien auf fast allen Häusern postiert.

Es werde auf jeden geschossen, der es wage sein Haus zu verlassen, sagte einer der Kämpfer. Die halbe Stadt sei durch Luftangriffe zerstört worden. "Es gibt viele Tote und sie können nicht einmal beerdigt werden. Zawiya sei wie leer gefegt, niemand ist auf den Straßen. Keine Tiere, nicht einmal Vögel sind am Himmel."

Auch im Osten, wo Stellungen der Aufständischen massiv bombardiert wurden, ist die revolutionäre Begeisterung der Ernüchterung gewichen. Gaddafis Truppen griffen den wichtigen Ölhafen Ras Lanuf und dessen Umgebung mit Panzern und Raketen an, berichtete ein Kämpfer. "Das ist nicht gut." Auch die Luftwaffe nahm Stellungen der Aufständischen unter Feuer.

Der Ruf nach einer Flugverbotszone über Libyen wurde in den vergangenen Tagen besonders in der arabischen Welt immer lauter. Großbritannien und Frankreich bereiten eine UNO-Resolution für eine Flugverbotszone vor. Ein entsprechender Entwurf soll noch in dieser Woche im Sicherheitsrat eingebracht werden. US-Verteidigungsminister Gates machte indes deutlich, dass eine Flugverbotszone nur durchgesetzt werden könne, wenn vorher Libyens Luftabwehr zerstört würde.


March 13: Gaddafi-Truppen gewinnen wegen Zögern der EU an Boden [shanghai daily]
Da sich internationale Gremien derzeit noch nicht zum Errichten einer Flugverbotszone über Libyen durchringen konnten, bombardieren Gaddafis Kampfflugzeuge die Rebellen im blutigen Kampf um seine Macht.

Im Westen von Tripolis erschien die Revolte von Zawiyah nahezu zerdrückt, da sich einige Rebellen nur noch in einigen Teilen der zerrütteten Stadt aufhalten. Anwohner berichteten von Blutbädern, wonach sich auch Frauen und Kinder unter den Toten befinden sollen.

Während die führenden Regierungsmitglieder der Europäischen Union gestern in Brüssel zusammentrafen, wiederholte Lybiens Rebellenführer seine Forderung nach der Einrichtung einer Flugverbotszone und warnte im Falle eines Zögerns zugleich vor einer Rückgewinnung der Region durch Gaddafi.

"Wir bitten die internationale Gemeinschaft darum, dass sie ihre Verantwortungen wahrnehmen", sagte Mustafa Abdel-Jalil, Kopf des Nation Lybian Council. "Die Lybier werden von Gaddafis Luftarmee bedroht. Wir baten um eine Flugverbotszone und erwarten darüber hinaus auch ein See-Embargo. Wir brauchen dringend Waffen sowie humanitäre und sanitäre Hilfe für die von Gaddafis Truppen belagerten Städt."

Der Britische Premierminister David Cameron sagte, dass die EU ihre Isolationsmaßnahmen gegen Gaddafi verschärfen müssten. Frankreichs Präsident Nicolas Sarkozy hat bereits Lybiens National Council als legitime Autorität anerkannt und sieht wie Cameron ebenfalls einen dringenden Handlungsbedarf der EU.


March 20: "Verteidigt Libyen gegen imperialistische Angriffe!"(Erklärung des Internationalen Exekutivkomitees der Internationalen Kommunistischen Liga (Vierte Internationalisten) @ spartacist.org


March 25: Stefan Engel (MLPD=Marxistisch-Leninistische Partei Deutschlands) Etwas anders verhält es sich in Libyen. Zu den neokolonialen Statthaltern des Imperialismus gehört ohne Zweifel auch das Gaddafi-Regime, nachdem es seine Abkehr von früher durchaus antiimperialistischen Positionen vollzogen hatte…


April 1: War Against Qaddafi’s Libya: Imperialist Terror and Lies Statement of the International Executive Committee of the International Communist League (Fourth Internationalist @ spartacist.org


August 22: Leaders urge ‘tyrant’ Gaddafi to end fight @ Al Jazeera

International leaders have urged Muammar Gaddafi to concede defeat in his struggling to hold onto power in Libya as scenes of celebration broke out in central Tripoli as rebels advanced into the heart of the capital.

"Tonight, the momentum against the Gaddafi regime has reached a tipping point. Tripoli is slipping from the grasp of a tyrant," said US President Barack Obama.

Obama also called on the opposition Transitional National Council, which Washington recognises as Libya’s legitimate governing authority, to demonstrate leadership, respect human rights, preserve the institutions of the Libyan state and move towards democracy.

"The Gaddafi regime is showing signs of collapsing. The people of Libya are showing that the universal pursuit of dignity and freedom is far stronger than the iron fist of a dictator."

He went on to say that Gaddafi and his followers should "recognise that their rule has come to an end".

"Gaddafi needs to acknowledge the reality that he no longer controls Libya. He needs to relinquish power once and for all."



But Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez condemned NATO, which has backed the rebels by enforcing a no-fly zone over Libya and launching hundreds of air strikes against Gaddafi’s forces, for "demolishing" Tripoli.

"Today we are seeing images of how the democratic European governments – well some of them are (democratic), we know who they are – are practically demolishing Tripoli with their bombs and the supposedly democratic government of the United States, because they feel like it."

"Today they dropped I don’t know how many bombs, and they are dropping them indiscriminately and openly and they are not explaining anything, over schools, hospitals, houses, businesses, factories, farms. This is happening right now."


August 22:
Heavy Clashes Near Qaddafi Compound as Rebels Overtake Most of Tripoli @foxnews

By Monday morning, a rebel spokesman told Al Jazeera that Qaddafi loyalists only controlled between 15 and 20 percent of the city, Reuters reported.

Abdel-Rahman says that Qaddafi troops remain a threat to rebels advanced into the city Sunday, and that as long as Qaddafi remains on the run the "danger is still there."

AP reporters with the rebels said they reached the Tripoli suburb of Janzour around nightfall Sunday. They were greeted by civilians lining the streets and waving rebel flags.

Qaddafi’s son, Saif al-Islam Qaddafi, was captured by rebel forces as they overtook the city….

"It’s over, frizz-head," chanted hundreds of jubilant men and women massed in Green Square, using a mocking nickname of the curly-haired Qaddafi. The revelers fired shots in the air, clapped and waved the rebels’ tricolor flag. Some set fire to the green flag of Qaddafi’s regime and shot holes in a poster with the leader’s image.

.

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20th Oct: Libya PM: This is the moment we’ve been waiting for @gulfnews Prime Minister Mahmoud Jibril confirmed Gaddafi had been killed. "We have been waiting for this moment for a long time. Muammar Gaddafi has been killed," Jibril told a news conference in the capital Tripoli


21st Oct: Moammar Gadhafi Dead Photo and Video Circulates After Dictator’s Death by Kate James
Since the news of Moammar Gadhafi’s death people have wanted confirmation, which has come as the day has worn on. In addition, there has been a shocking Gadhafi death photo and video that show the dictator’s last seconds.

Both the video of the dictator’s last bloody, confused seconds and the Gadhafi death photo are graphic and shocking. Some newscasts played the video tonight without even a bit of warning, which shocked people who were watching. Everybody wants to know that the Libyan dictator is dead, but not everybody has to see such gruesome evidence.

The raw video shows plenty of confusing blood and gunshots. Moammar Gadhafi goes across the screen with blood pouring from his head covering his face and clothing. The scene is pure bedlam. The group was quite violent, and showed him no mercy near the end. You can check it out below, but be warned that it is disturbing.

The Gadhafi dead photo is no better either. It is graphic showing the lifeless dictator’s body flopped at a strange angle in a pool of his own blood.


22nd Oct: Gaddafi burial delayed @aljazeera Slain leader’s body kept in cold storage before secret burial as UN calls video of his last moments "disturbing".


23rd Oct: BND reportedly knew Qaddafi’s hiding place @the local The German intelligence service knew where ousted Libyan leader Muammar Qaddafi was hiding out weeks before he was tracked down by Libyan rebel forces … The BND denied the report.


24th Oct: NATO commander no idea Gadhafi in targeted convoy (AP, Brussels) "We saw a convoy and we had no idea that Gadhafi was on board. In fact, I was surprised that Gadhafi was in the Sirte area," the commander of NATO operations in Libya, Lt. Gen. Charles Bouchard, said during a video conference from his headquarters in Naples, Italy.



Bouchard said NATO air surveillance had detected about 175 vehicles assembling in Sirte early Thursday, preparing to transport remaining loyalists out of the besieged coastal town as forces of the new government mounted their final assault.

"The vehicles started to make their way out, and one of the outcomes of this was the concern (that forces) from Sirte would join with the remnants of forces from Bani Walid and move into another desert area," Bouchard said.



The airstrikes were among the 26,000 sorties and 9,600 strike missions flown by NATO warplanes in the past seven months, during which around 5,900 military targets were destroyed. These included Libya’s air defenses and more than 1,000 tanks, vehicles and guns, as well as Gadhafi’s command and control networks.

The daily airstrikes enabled the rebels’ ragtag forces to advance and take Tripoli two months ago. On Sunday, Libya’s interim rulers declared the country liberated, launching the oil-rich nation on what is meant to be a two-year transition to democracy.


26th Oct: Gaddafi, Sodomy, and Liberal Peace Victoria Fontan
Surely the good rebels of Libya that my country, France, has been supporting with 500 Million euros that it did not have to spare, were not capable of such a thing. I click on the video and here it is, in all its savage truth. The good people of Libya, hungry for human rights and democracy, savagely insert a knife in the anus of their former leader, shower him with punches, lynch him, shoot him in the head, and drag his body on the pavement…


30th Oct: Gaddafi: ‘He died an angry and disappointed man’ By Katya Adler, BBC News, Misrata
A trusted member of Col Gaddafi’s inner circle, Mansour Dhao was captured with him in Sirte. He provides a rare insight into the former dictator’s state of mind in his last hours and days.

"Gaddafi was nervous. He couldn’t make any calls or communicate with the outside world. We had little food or water. Sanitation was bad," he told me.

"He paced up and down in a small room, writing in a notebook. We knew it was over. Gaddafi said, ‘I am wanted by the International Criminal Court. No country will accept me. I prefer to die by Libyan hands’."

Mansour Dhao said Col Gaddafi then made the decision to go to his birthplace, the nearby valley of Jarref. I asked if it was a suicide mission.

"It was a suicide mission," Mansour Dhao said. "We felt he wanted to die in the place he was born. He didn’t say it explicitly, but he was going with the purpose to die."

But Col Gaddafi’s plan was thwarted – his convoy was bombed by Nato.

The once-feared dictator scrambled into a water pipe for cover. That is where he was found and captured.


Fred Van Lente Talks Sect Civil War and “A Theological Game of Telephone”

This week"s issue of Archer & Armstrong brought everything to a head for the “Sect Civil War” story, as Archer puts a plan into play to leverage the various villain groups toward piece while the readers learned that a new figure has risen to the top of …
Read more on Comicbook.com (blog)


Several Syria Chemical Attacks "Likely" – UN

The civil war between forces loyal to Syrian President Bashar al Assad and rebels seeking his overthrow has raged for 33 months and killed more than 125,000 people. Only 10 EU member states have offered resettlement places to refugees. Germany offered …
Read more on Sky News


Car Bomb Kills Egypt Policeman in Ismailia

World. Fri Dec 13, 2013 3:47. Car Bomb Kills Egypt Policeman in Ismailia. Car Bomb Kills Egypt Policeman in Ismailia. Tweet. TEHRAN (FNA)- Car bomb killed an Egyptian police officer and injured 35 others on Thursday in the Suez Canal city of Ismailia.
Read more on Fars News Agency




Fred Van Lente Talks Sect Civil War and “A Theological Game of Telephone”

Thursday, December 12, 2013

Americans Are Joining Syria's Civil War, Posing Security Risk: Officials

Ancient covered Souk al-Medina, Aleppo, Syria
syria war damascus
Image by james_gordon_losangeles

An ancient covered souq run through 10 kilometres of narrow covered streets. The souks became known by the products sold there. For example, the perfume souk, is called souk Al Attareen, and the jewellers souk, souk Al Sagha. Most of them date from the 15th and 16th centuries and can be considered true popular museums.

The inns or caravanserai (khan) are located near the souks because they were frequented by the merchants. They have tastefully decorated facades, and huge wooden doors reinforced with metal and copper. The most famous are Khan Al Gomrok, Khan Al Wazeer, Khan Al Saboon, Khan Ashouneh and Khan Al Nahaseen.


Coverage of the war in Syria is rightly focused on the human cost, but there are cultural casualties too, says Kevin Rushby, who remembers Aleppo’s Souk al-Madina, a Unesco world heritage site, which was destroyed by fire earlier this year. A few miles from Aleppo are the hills where human beings first domesticated wild grasses. All the wheat we eat originates from those plants and the first farmers. Once those hunter gatherers settled, they set in motion developments that led to towns and then markets. Aleppo was one such place and its souk lay on the first great trade routes, becoming part of an economic engine that made astonishing new products available to more and more people. The warehouses filled up with soaps, silks, spices, precious metals, ceramics and textiles, especially the colourful and diaphanous type favoured by harem-dwellers. Eventually all this mercantile activity focussed into one particular area and a fabulous bazaar was built, mostly in the Ottoman heyday of the 15th and 16th centuries. It was a honeycomb of surprises and flavours, a tribute to the best aspects of human society, but now it has run smack into the opposite tendency: war.


Traditional Turkish baths Hammam al-Nahasin in Aleppo souk. Photograph: Kevin Rushby Of course, the human suffering is far more important and pressing, but I also mourn the loss of a place that so effortlessly encapsulated everything that was light, vivacious, sociable and friendly, everything that war is not. Architecturally the bazaar was not unique. What it had was tradition, heritage and incredible diversity. Five hundred years after Shakespeare made Aleppo souk the epitome of a distant cornucopia, you could still buy almost anything here, eat and drink a vast range of dishes, and even bathe in the traditional Hammam Nahasin. There were eight miles of lanes linking a range of khans or caravanserai – the British Consul held court in one of them well into the 20th century. When I first wandered in via the gate near the citadel, I discovered that there was only one thing I could not find in there: the desire to leave. It was just too diverting and fascinating. Every shopkeeper seemed to want to have a chat over a glass of red tea.


Let me tell you about scarves. You buy antelope hair for the woman you want and silk for the mistress.’


What about wives?


He shrugs.We have polyester. It comes with divorce papers.


It was clear that this was not a place that ever stood still. Neither was it a museum, and certainly not a pastiche preserved for tourists. One vendor explained that his shop had not been in the family very long. We got it when the Jews left.


1948?;


No, 1908.


I checked later and discovered that many Jews, having come to Aleppo from Spain in the 15th century, then left for America at the turn of the 20th century to avoid conscription into the Ottoman army. Other communities had come when they lost out elsewhere. Many of Aleppo’s Christians had come from Turkish cities like Urfa in 1923, bringing with them priceless collections of ancient documents, now also threatened. Ringed around the souk were the churches and mosques of a baffling array of sects and ethnicities, but they all shopped together in apparent harmony.


In great trading cities filled with communal diversity, the inhabitants usually learn to get along and trust each other. It is outsiders who bring danger and suspicion. In fact Aleppo has been sacked, destroyed and left in ruins many times over. When Tamerlane visited in 1400, he left a pile of severed heads outside – reportedly 20,000 of them. The Byzantines had previously done their worst, as had the Mongols, more than once. But it was politics that did for the city’s pre-eminence as a market. Slowly and inexorably it was cut off from its hinterlands. The Silk Road died, the Suez Canal was dug, the northern territories were taken by Turkey as were the ports of the Levant. The machinations of the Great Powers turned a vibrant trading city into a divided backwater.


In some ways that decline helped preserve the medieval nature of the place, but now it is gone. When Syria rises out of the chaos, there can be some idea of restoration. But any future attempt to rebuild will always be a re-creation, probably with the tourist buck in mind. That will be better than nothing, of course, but it cannot hide the fact that one of the world’s greatest treasures has been lost.


As well as Souk al-Medina, the city’s citadel was shelled by government artillery. A medieval fortress built on top of several previous structures, it contains a 5,000-year-old temple that was only discovered in 2009. Fighting is said to have destroyed the medieval iron gates.


The ruins of Apamea city, Syria

Built by the inheritors of Alexander the Great’s empire, Apamea in north-west Syria has suffered badly with damage from fighting followed by looting. Thieves reportedly drilled two metres to strip priceless mosaics out of the floor and walls.


Krak des Chevaliers, Syria

Crusader graffiti in Krak des Chevaliers church. Photograph: Kevin Rushby This supreme example of Crusader military architecture is one of Syria’s big visitor attractions. Artillery fire and fighting has apparently been followed by looting. The church with its unique 12th-century Crusader graffiti has reportedly been damaged.


The Dead Cities, Syria

Syrian tourists at Serjilla, one of around 700 Byzantine dead cities, now the scene of fighting. Photograph: Kevin Rushby Scattered around Aleppo are up to 700 ruined cities dating from the first to eighth centuries AD. Evocative and abandoned they are a unique record of life in ancient times. They have also become a battlefield and heavy damage has been reported.


Americans Are Joining Syria"s Civil War, Posing Security Risk: Officials

22, 2013, which has been authenticated based on its contents and other AP reporting, purports to show several bodies being buried in a suburb of Damascus, Syria during a funeral on Wednesday, Aug. 21, 2013. (AP Photo/Shaam News Network) …
Read more on Huffington Post


From Afghanistan to Syria to Twin Falls

Five months ago, Hawraa and her sister, Safia Ali, moved with their family from Damascus, Syria to Twin Falls. Hawraa, 18, and Safia, 17, are students at … The Ali family has been on the run from religious persecution and war for decades. As Shi"ites …
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Profiteers become another obstacle to peace in Syria

School-age scavengers like her are the lowest earners in a multibillion-dollar war economy taking hold in Syria. Nearly three years … The shelves of low-price government-run shops in Damascus are now stacked with imported goods, such as tuna and beef.
Read more on Financial Times




Americans Are Joining Syria"s Civil War, Posing Security Risk: Officials

Monday, December 9, 2013

Critics question Catholic nun's 'alternative story' on Syria civil war

Ancient souq destroyed as fighting rages in Syria’s Aleppo, SEP 2012 (photo taken in 2009)
syria war damascus
Image by james_gordon_losangeles

An ancient covered souq run through 10 kilometres of narrow covered streets. The souks became known by the products sold there. For example, the perfume souk, is called souk Al Attareen, and the jewellers souk, souk Al Sagha. Most of them date from the 15th and 16th centuries and can be considered true popular museums.

The inns or caravanserai (khan) are located near the souks because they were frequented by the merchants. They have tastefully decorated facades, and huge wooden doors reinforced with metal and copper. The most famous are Khan Al Gomrok, Khan Al Wazeer, Khan Al Saboon, Khan Ashouneh and Khan Al Nahaseen.


Coverage of the war in Syria is rightly focused on the human cost, but there are cultural casualties too, says Kevin Rushby, who remembers Aleppo’s Souk al-Madina, a Unesco world heritage site, which was destroyed by fire earlier this year. A few miles from Aleppo are the hills where human beings first domesticated wild grasses. All the wheat we eat originates from those plants and the first farmers. Once those hunter gatherers settled, they set in motion developments that led to towns and then markets. Aleppo was one such place and its souk lay on the first great trade routes, becoming part of an economic engine that made astonishing new products available to more and more people. The warehouses filled up with soaps, silks, spices, precious metals, ceramics and textiles, especially the colourful and diaphanous type favoured by harem-dwellers. Eventually all this mercantile activity focussed into one particular area and a fabulous bazaar was built, mostly in the Ottoman heyday of the 15th and 16th centuries. It was a honeycomb of surprises and flavours, a tribute to the best aspects of human society, but now it has run smack into the opposite tendency: war.


Traditional Turkish baths Hammam al-Nahasin in Aleppo souk. Photograph: Kevin Rushby Of course, the human suffering is far more important and pressing, but I also mourn the loss of a place that so effortlessly encapsulated everything that was light, vivacious, sociable and friendly, everything that war is not. Architecturally the bazaar was not unique. What it had was tradition, heritage and incredible diversity. Five hundred years after Shakespeare made Aleppo souk the epitome of a distant cornucopia, you could still buy almost anything here, eat and drink a vast range of dishes, and even bathe in the traditional Hammam Nahasin. There were eight miles of lanes linking a range of khans or caravanserai – the British Consul held court in one of them well into the 20th century. When I first wandered in via the gate near the citadel, I discovered that there was only one thing I could not find in there: the desire to leave. It was just too diverting and fascinating. Every shopkeeper seemed to want to have a chat over a glass of red tea.


Let me tell you about scarves. You buy antelope hair for the woman you want and silk for the mistress.’


What about wives?


He shrugs.We have polyester. It comes with divorce papers.


It was clear that this was not a place that ever stood still. Neither was it a museum, and certainly not a pastiche preserved for tourists. One vendor explained that his shop had not been in the family very long. We got it when the Jews left.


1948?;


No, 1908.


I checked later and discovered that many Jews, having come to Aleppo from Spain in the 15th century, then left for America at the turn of the 20th century to avoid conscription into the Ottoman army. Other communities had come when they lost out elsewhere. Many of Aleppo’s Christians had come from Turkish cities like Urfa in 1923, bringing with them priceless collections of ancient documents, now also threatened. Ringed around the souk were the churches and mosques of a baffling array of sects and ethnicities, but they all shopped together in apparent harmony.


In great trading cities filled with communal diversity, the inhabitants usually learn to get along and trust each other. It is outsiders who bring danger and suspicion. In fact Aleppo has been sacked, destroyed and left in ruins many times over. When Tamerlane visited in 1400, he left a pile of severed heads outside – reportedly 20,000 of them. The Byzantines had previously done their worst, as had the Mongols, more than once. But it was politics that did for the city’s pre-eminence as a market. Slowly and inexorably it was cut off from its hinterlands. The Silk Road died, the Suez Canal was dug, the northern territories were taken by Turkey as were the ports of the Levant. The machinations of the Great Powers turned a vibrant trading city into a divided backwater.


In some ways that decline helped preserve the medieval nature of the place, but now it is gone. When Syria rises out of the chaos, there can be some idea of restoration. But any future attempt to rebuild will always be a re-creation, probably with the tourist buck in mind. That will be better than nothing, of course, but it cannot hide the fact that one of the world’s greatest treasures has been lost.


As well as Souk al-Medina, the city’s citadel was shelled by government artillery. A medieval fortress built on top of several previous structures, it contains a 5,000-year-old temple that was only discovered in 2009. Fighting is said to have destroyed the medieval iron gates.


The ruins of Apamea city, Syria

Built by the inheritors of Alexander the Great’s empire, Apamea in north-west Syria has suffered badly with damage from fighting followed by looting. Thieves reportedly drilled two metres to strip priceless mosaics out of the floor and walls.


Krak des Chevaliers, Syria

Crusader graffiti in Krak des Chevaliers church. Photograph: Kevin Rushby This supreme example of Crusader military architecture is one of Syria’s big visitor attractions. Artillery fire and fighting has apparently been followed by looting. The church with its unique 12th-century Crusader graffiti has reportedly been damaged.


The Dead Cities, Syria

Syrian tourists at Serjilla, one of around 700 Byzantine dead cities, now the scene of fighting. Photograph: Kevin Rushby Scattered around Aleppo are up to 700 ruined cities dating from the first to eighth centuries AD. Evocative and abandoned they are a unique record of life in ancient times. They have also become a battlefield and heavy damage has been reported.


Critics question Catholic nun"s "alternative story" on Syria civil war

But critics suggest that the nun, who published a 50-page "report" claiming to show that footage of the 21 August chemical attacks on Damascus was fabricated, is far from a non-sectarian promoter of peace, as she styles herself in her promotional …
Read more on The Guardian


Syrian official on opposition: "They are living in a different era"

Damascus, Syria (CNN) — The opposition is against democracy and afraid of what the nation"s people want, Syria"s deputy foreign minister told CNN on Wednesday. Faisal al-Mekdad spoke in Damascus. "I think they are living in a different era. These …
Read more on CNN




Critics question Catholic nun"s "alternative story" on Syria civil war

Monday, December 2, 2013

Battle for strategic Syrian town shows why war has displaced millions

Me atop a Roman column segment, Palmyra, Syria
syria war damascus focus_keyword
Image by james_gordon_losangeles

Palmyra, Arabic: Tadmur, was an ancient city in central Syria. In antiquity, it was an important city located in an oasis 215 km northeast of Damascus and 180 km southwest of the Euphrates at Deir ez-Zor. It had long been a vital caravan stop for travellers crossing the Syrian desert and was known as the Bride of the Desert. The earliest documented reference to the city by its Semitic name Tadmor (which means the town that repels in Amorite and the indomitable town in Aramaic) is recorded in Babylonian tablets found in Mari.

Though the ancient siteinto disuse after the 16th century, it is still known as Tadmor in Arabic and there is a newer town of the same name next to the ruins. The Palmyrenes constructed a series of large-scale monuments containing funerary art such as limestone slabs with human busts representing the deceased.

Culture

Palmyrans bore Aramaic names, and worshipped a variety of deities from Mesopotamia (Marduk and Ruda), Syria (Hadad, Baʿal, Astarte), Arabia (Allāt) and Greece (Athena). Palmyrans were originally speakers of Aramaic but later shifted to the Greek language. At the time of the Islamic conquests Palmyra was inhabited by several Arab tribes, primarily the Qada’ah and Kalb.

History

Ancient

The exact etymology of the name "Palmyra" is unknown, although some scholars believe it was related to the palm trees in the area. Others, however, believe it may have come from an incorrect translation of the name Tadmor. The city was first mentioned in the archives of Mari in the second millennium BC. It was a trading city in the extensive trade network that linked Mesopotamia and northern Syria. Tadmor is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible (Second Book of Chronicles 8:4) as a desert city built (or fortified) by the King Solomon of Judea:

There had been a temple at Palmyra for 2000 years before the Romans ever saw it. Its form, a large stone-walled chamber with columns outside, is much closer to the sort of thing attributed to Solomon than to anything Roman. It is mentioned in the Bible as part of Solomon’s Kingdom. In fact, it says he built it.

—Terry Jones and Alan Ereira, Terry Jones’ Barbarians, p. 183

Flavius Josephus also attributes the founding of Tadmor to Solomon in his Antiquities of the Jews (Book VIII), along with the Greek name of Palmyra, although this may be a confusion with biblical Tamara. Several citations in the tractates of the Talmud and of the Midrash also refer to the city in the Syrian desert (sometimes interchanging the letters.Greco-Roman periods

When the Seleucids took control of Syria in 323 BC, the city was left to itself and it became independent, flourishing as a caravan halt in the 1st century BC. In 41 BCE, Mark Antony sent a raiding party to Palmyra, but the Palmyrans had received intelligence of their approach and escaped to the other side of the Euphrates, demonstrating that at that time Palmyra was still a nomadic settlement and its valuables could be removed at short notice.

In the mid 1st century AD, Palmyra, a wealthy and elegant city located along the caravan routes linking Persia with the Mediterranean ports of Roman Syria and Phoenicia, came under Roman control. A period of great prosperity followed.

Jones and Erieira note that Palmyran merchants owned ships in Italian waters and controlled the Indian silk trade. Palmyra became one of the richest cities of the Near East. The Palmyrans had really pulled off a great trick, they were the only people who managed to live alongside Rome without being Romanized. They simply pretended to be Romans.

Palmyra was made part of the Roman province of Syria during the reign of Tiberius (14–37 AD). It steadily grew in importance as a trade route linking Persia, India, China, and the Roman Empire. In 129, Hadrian visited the city and was so enthralled by it that he proclaimed it a free city and renamed it Palmyra Hadriana.

Beginning in 212, Palmyra’s trade diminished as the Sassanids occupied the mouth of the Tigris and the Euphrates. Septimius Odaenathus, a Prince of Palmyra, was appointed by Valerian as the governor of the province of Syria. After Valerian was captured by the Sassanids and died in captivity in Bishapur, Odaenathus campaigned as far as Ctesiphon (near modern-day Baghdad) for revenge, invading the city twice. When Odaenathus was assassinated by his nephew Maconius, his wife Septimia Zenobia took power, ruling Palmyra on the behalf of her son, Vabalathus.

Zenobia rebelled against Roman authority with the help of Cassius Longinus and took over Bosra and lands as far to the west as Egypt, establishing the short-lived Palmyrene Empire. Next, she took Antioch and large sections of Asia Minor to the north. In 272, the Roman Emperor Aurelian finally restored Roman control and Palmyra was besieged and sacked, never to recover her former glory. Aurelian captured Zenobia, bringing her back to Rome. He paraded her in golden chains in the presence of the senator Marcellus Petrus Nutenus, but allowed her to retire to a villa in Tibur, where she took an active part in society for years. A legionary fortress was established in Palmyra and although no longer an important trade center, it nevertheless remained an important junction of Roman roads in the Syrian desert.

Diocletian expanded the city to harbor even more legions and walled it in to try and save it from the Sassanid threat. The Byzantine period following the Roman Empire only resulted in the building of a few churches; much of the city went to ruin.

Islamic rule

The city was captured by Muslim Arabs under Khalid ibn al-Walid in 634 but left intact. After the year 800 and the civil wars that followed the fall of the Umayyad caliphs, people started abandoning the city. At the time of the Crusades, Palmyra was under the Burid emirs of Damascus, then under Toghtekin, Mohammed the son of Shirkuh, and finally under the emirs of Homs. In 1132 the Burids had the Temple of Ba’al turned into a fortress. In the 13th century the city was handed over to the Mamluk sultan Baybars. In 1401, it was sacked by Timur, but recovered quickly, so that in the 15th century it was described as boasting "vast gardens, flourishing trades and bizarre monuments; by Ibn Fadlallah al-Omari.

In the 16th century, Qala’at ibn Maan castle was built on top of a mountain overlooking the oasis by Fakhr ad-Din al-Maan II, a Lebanese prince who tried to control the Syrian Desert. The castle was surrounded by a moat, with access only available through a drawbridge. It is possible that earlier fortifications existed on the hill well before then.

The city declined under Ottoman rule, reduced to no more than an oasis village with a small garrison. In the 17th century its location was rediscovered by Western travellers, and was studied by European and American archaeologists starting in the 19th century. The villagers who had settled in the Temple of Ba’al were dislodged in 1929 by the French authority.

City remains

The most striking building in Palmyra is the huge temple of Ba’al, considered "the most important religious building of the first century AD in the Middle East". It originated as a Hellenistic temple, of which only fragments of stones survive. The central shrine (cella) was added in the early 1st century AD, followed by a large double colonnaded portico in Corinthian style. The west portico and the entrance (propylaeum) date from the 2nd century. The temple measures 205 x 210 m.

Starting from the temple, a colonnaded street, corresponding to the ancient decumanus, leads to the rest of the ancient city. It has a monumental arch (dating to the reign of Septimius Severus, early 3rd century AD) with rich decorations. Next were a temple of Nabu, of which little remains today apart from the podium, and the so-called baths of Diocletian.

The second most noteworthy remain in Palmyra is the theater, today with nine rows of seats, but most likely originally having up to twelve with the addition of wooden structures. It has been dated to the early 1st century AD. Behind the theater were located a small Senate building, where the local nobility discussed laws and made political decisions, and the so-called Tariff Court with an inscription suggesting that it was a place for caravans to make payments. Nearby is the large agora (measuring 48 x 71 m), with remains of a banquet room (triclinium); the agora’s entrance was decorated with statues of Septimius Severus and his family.

The first section of the excavations ends with a largely restored tetrapylon (four columns), a platform with four sets of four columns (only one of the originals in Egyptian granite is still visible). A transverse street leads to Diocletian’s Camp, built by the Governor of Syria, Sosianus Hierocles, with the remains of the large central principia (hall housing the legions’ standards). Nearby are the temple of the Syrian goddess Allāt (2nd century AD), the Damascus Gate and the Temple of Ba’al-Shamin, erected in AD 17 and later expanded under the reign of Odenathus. Remains include a notable portico leading to the cella.

Funerary art

Outside the ancient walls, the Palmyrenes constructed a series of large-scale funerary monuments which now form the so-called Valley of the Tombs, a 1 km long necropolis, with a series of large, richly decorated structures. These tombs, some of which were below ground, had interior walls that were cut away or constructed to form burial compartments in which the deceased, extended at full length, were placed. Limestone slabs with human busts in high relief sealed the rectangular openings of the compartments.

These reliefs represented the personality or soul of the person interred and formed part of the wall decoration inside the tomb chamber. A banquet scene depicted on this relief suggests a family tomb rather than that of an individual.

Further excavations

Archaeological teams from various countries have worked on-and-off on different parts of the site. In May 2005, a Polish team excavating at the Lat temple discovered a highly-detailed stone statue of the winged goddess of victory.

Recently, archaeologists in working in central Syria have unearthed the remnants of a 1,200-year-old church believed to be the largest ever discovered in Syria, at an excavation site in the ancient town of Palmyra. This church is the fourth to be discovered in Palmyra. Officials described it as the biggest of its kind to be found so far — its base measuring an impressive 47 meters by 27 meters. The church columns were estimated to be 6 meters tall, with the height of the wooden ceiling more than 15 meters. A small amphitheater was found in the church’s courtyard where the experts believe some Christian rituals were practiced. In November 2010 Austrian media manager Helmut Thoma admitted to looting a Palmyrian grave, where he has stolen architectural pieces, today presented in his private living room. German and Austrian archaeologists protested against this crime. In summer 2012 there is increasing concern of looting of the museum and the site, when a video was posted, which shows Syrian soldiers carrying funerary stones.


Battle for strategic Syrian town shows why war has displaced millions

REYHANLI, Turkey — Late in August, when world attention was focused on the poison gas attack near Damascus, Syrian government forces were waging an intense assault against a small rebel-held town 150 miles to the north. The spotlight never touched …
Read more on McClatchy Washington Bureau


50 killed in Syrian air strikes

State news agency SANA, reporting on the conflict in the town, said "Syrian army units destroyed the headquarters of an Islamic (rebel) tribunal in Al-Bab in a special operation," without giving further details. Large swathes of Aleppo province have …
Read more on Ninemsn




Battle for strategic Syrian town shows why war has displaced millions

How James Bond Helped Win The Cold War

Limitless WAR Even now Greatest Seller
armageddon war focus_keyword
Image by roberthuffstutter

In a 2009 write-up for The Journal of International Stability Affairs titled &quotWishful Considering and Indecisive Wars&quot Peters’ advocates the ruthless use of United States navy electrical power, declaring &quotIf you can not earn cleanse, acquire dirty.&quot Peters also raises the idea of directing the United States navy to attack journalists. Peters writes, &quotAlthough it would seem unthinkable now, long term wars may possibly call for censorship, news blackouts and, in the long run, army attacks on the partisan media.&quot


How James Bond Helped Acquire The Cold War

… a single of my lecturers lectured us about the evils of nuclear weapons and the inevitability of Armageddon. I observed James Bond battling sinister Bulgarian henchmen and canoodling with glamorous, fur-coated Russian beauties. The Chilly War was usually there,&nbsp…
Study more on Company Insider


No, we received&#39t go away

We are not “prophesying Armageddon”. The signs are there for all to see. Don&#39t shoot us the messengers. It is time to ease up on Papatuanuku our earth mom. That Chilly War nuclear content is even now a hazard over ground. The radioactivity from all the&nbsp…
Read through far more on Gisborne Herald




How James Bond Helped Win The Cold War

Wednesday, November 27, 2013

Some Syrians lose themselves in music as war rages

Temple of Bel, Palmyra, Syria
syria war damascus focus_keyword
Image by james_gordon_losangeles

Palmyra, Arabic: Tadmur, was an ancient city in central Syria. In antiquity, it was an important city located in an oasis 215 km northeast of Damascus and 180 km southwest of the Euphrates at Deir ez-Zor. It had long been a vital caravan stop for travellers crossing the Syrian desert and was known as the Bride of the Desert. The earliest documented reference to the city by its Semitic name Tadmor (which means the town that repels in Amorite and the indomitable town in Aramaic) is recorded in Babylonian tablets found in Mari.

Though the ancient siteinto disuse after the 16th century, it is still known as Tadmor in Arabic and there is a newer town of the same name next to the ruins. The Palmyrenes constructed a series of large-scale monuments containing funerary art such as limestone slabs with human busts representing the deceased.

Culture

Palmyrans bore Aramaic names, and worshipped a variety of deities from Mesopotamia (Marduk and Ruda), Syria (Hadad, Baʿal, Astarte), Arabia (Allāt) and Greece (Athena). Palmyrans were originally speakers of Aramaic but later shifted to the Greek language. At the time of the Islamic conquests Palmyra was inhabited by several Arab tribes, primarily the Qada’ah and Kalb.

History

Ancient

The exact etymology of the name "Palmyra" is unknown, although some scholars believe it was related to the palm trees in the area. Others, however, believe it may have come from an incorrect translation of the name Tadmor. The city was first mentioned in the archives of Mari in the second millennium BC. It was a trading city in the extensive trade network that linked Mesopotamia and northern Syria. Tadmor is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible (Second Book of Chronicles 8:4) as a desert city built (or fortified) by the King Solomon of Judea:

There had been a temple at Palmyra for 2000 years before the Romans ever saw it. Its form, a large stone-walled chamber with columns outside, is much closer to the sort of thing attributed to Solomon than to anything Roman. It is mentioned in the Bible as part of Solomon’s Kingdom. In fact, it says he built it.

—Terry Jones and Alan Ereira, Terry Jones’ Barbarians, p. 183

Flavius Josephus also attributes the founding of Tadmor to Solomon in his Antiquities of the Jews (Book VIII), along with the Greek name of Palmyra, although this may be a confusion with biblical Tamara. Several citations in the tractates of the Talmud and of the Midrash also refer to the city in the Syrian desert (sometimes interchanging the letters.Greco-Roman periods

When the Seleucids took control of Syria in 323 BC, the city was left to itself and it became independent, flourishing as a caravan halt in the 1st century BC. In 41 BCE, Mark Antony sent a raiding party to Palmyra, but the Palmyrans had received intelligence of their approach and escaped to the other side of the Euphrates, demonstrating that at that time Palmyra was still a nomadic settlement and its valuables could be removed at short notice.

In the mid 1st century AD, Palmyra, a wealthy and elegant city located along the caravan routes linking Persia with the Mediterranean ports of Roman Syria and Phoenicia, came under Roman control. A period of great prosperity followed.

Jones and Erieira note that Palmyran merchants owned ships in Italian waters and controlled the Indian silk trade. Palmyra became one of the richest cities of the Near East. The Palmyrans had really pulled off a great trick, they were the only people who managed to live alongside Rome without being Romanized. They simply pretended to be Romans.

Palmyra was made part of the Roman province of Syria during the reign of Tiberius (14–37 AD). It steadily grew in importance as a trade route linking Persia, India, China, and the Roman Empire. In 129, Hadrian visited the city and was so enthralled by it that he proclaimed it a free city and renamed it Palmyra Hadriana.

Beginning in 212, Palmyra’s trade diminished as the Sassanids occupied the mouth of the Tigris and the Euphrates. Septimius Odaenathus, a Prince of Palmyra, was appointed by Valerian as the governor of the province of Syria. After Valerian was captured by the Sassanids and died in captivity in Bishapur, Odaenathus campaigned as far as Ctesiphon (near modern-day Baghdad) for revenge, invading the city twice. When Odaenathus was assassinated by his nephew Maconius, his wife Septimia Zenobia took power, ruling Palmyra on the behalf of her son, Vabalathus.

Zenobia rebelled against Roman authority with the help of Cassius Longinus and took over Bosra and lands as far to the west as Egypt, establishing the short-lived Palmyrene Empire. Next, she took Antioch and large sections of Asia Minor to the north. In 272, the Roman Emperor Aurelian finally restored Roman control and Palmyra was besieged and sacked, never to recover her former glory. Aurelian captured Zenobia, bringing her back to Rome. He paraded her in golden chains in the presence of the senator Marcellus Petrus Nutenus, but allowed her to retire to a villa in Tibur, where she took an active part in society for years. A legionary fortress was established in Palmyra and although no longer an important trade center, it nevertheless remained an important junction of Roman roads in the Syrian desert.

Diocletian expanded the city to harbor even more legions and walled it in to try and save it from the Sassanid threat. The Byzantine period following the Roman Empire only resulted in the building of a few churches; much of the city went to ruin.

Islamic rule

The city was captured by Muslim Arabs under Khalid ibn al-Walid in 634 but left intact. After the year 800 and the civil wars that followed the fall of the Umayyad caliphs, people started abandoning the city. At the time of the Crusades, Palmyra was under the Burid emirs of Damascus, then under Toghtekin, Mohammed the son of Shirkuh, and finally under the emirs of Homs. In 1132 the Burids had the Temple of Ba’al turned into a fortress. In the 13th century the city was handed over to the Mamluk sultan Baybars. In 1401, it was sacked by Timur, but recovered quickly, so that in the 15th century it was described as boasting "vast gardens, flourishing trades and bizarre monuments; by Ibn Fadlallah al-Omari.

In the 16th century, Qala’at ibn Maan castle was built on top of a mountain overlooking the oasis by Fakhr ad-Din al-Maan II, a Lebanese prince who tried to control the Syrian Desert. The castle was surrounded by a moat, with access only available through a drawbridge. It is possible that earlier fortifications existed on the hill well before then.

The city declined under Ottoman rule, reduced to no more than an oasis village with a small garrison. In the 17th century its location was rediscovered by Western travellers, and was studied by European and American archaeologists starting in the 19th century. The villagers who had settled in the Temple of Ba’al were dislodged in 1929 by the French authority.

City remains

The most striking building in Palmyra is the huge temple of Ba’al, considered "the most important religious building of the first century AD in the Middle East". It originated as a Hellenistic temple, of which only fragments of stones survive. The central shrine (cella) was added in the early 1st century AD, followed by a large double colonnaded portico in Corinthian style. The west portico and the entrance (propylaeum) date from the 2nd century. The temple measures 205 x 210 m.

Starting from the temple, a colonnaded street, corresponding to the ancient decumanus, leads to the rest of the ancient city. It has a monumental arch (dating to the reign of Septimius Severus, early 3rd century AD) with rich decorations. Next were a temple of Nabu, of which little remains today apart from the podium, and the so-called baths of Diocletian.

The second most noteworthy remain in Palmyra is the theater, today with nine rows of seats, but most likely originally having up to twelve with the addition of wooden structures. It has been dated to the early 1st century AD. Behind the theater were located a small Senate building, where the local nobility discussed laws and made political decisions, and the so-called Tariff Court with an inscription suggesting that it was a place for caravans to make payments. Nearby is the large agora (measuring 48 x 71 m), with remains of a banquet room (triclinium); the agora’s entrance was decorated with statues of Septimius Severus and his family.

The first section of the excavations ends with a largely restored tetrapylon (four columns), a platform with four sets of four columns (only one of the originals in Egyptian granite is still visible). A transverse street leads to Diocletian’s Camp, built by the Governor of Syria, Sosianus Hierocles, with the remains of the large central principia (hall housing the legions’ standards). Nearby are the temple of the Syrian goddess Allāt (2nd century AD), the Damascus Gate and the Temple of Ba’al-Shamin, erected in AD 17 and later expanded under the reign of Odenathus. Remains include a notable portico leading to the cella.

Funerary art

Outside the ancient walls, the Palmyrenes constructed a series of large-scale funerary monuments which now form the so-called Valley of the Tombs, a 1 km long necropolis, with a series of large, richly decorated structures. These tombs, some of which were below ground, had interior walls that were cut away or constructed to form burial compartments in which the deceased, extended at full length, were placed. Limestone slabs with human busts in high relief sealed the rectangular openings of the compartments.

These reliefs represented the personality or soul of the person interred and formed part of the wall decoration inside the tomb chamber. A banquet scene depicted on this relief suggests a family tomb rather than that of an individual.

Further excavations

Archaeological teams from various countries have worked on-and-off on different parts of the site. In May 2005, a Polish team excavating at the Lat temple discovered a highly-detailed stone statue of the winged goddess of victory.

Recently, archaeologists in working in central Syria have unearthed the remnants of a 1,200-year-old church believed to be the largest ever discovered in Syria, at an excavation site in the ancient town of Palmyra. This church is the fourth to be discovered in Palmyra. Officials described it as the biggest of its kind to be found so far — its base measuring an impressive 47 meters by 27 meters. The church columns were estimated to be 6 meters tall, with the height of the wooden ceiling more than 15 meters. A small amphitheater was found in the church’s courtyard where the experts believe some Christian rituals were practiced. In November 2010 Austrian media manager Helmut Thoma admitted to looting a Palmyrian grave, where he has stolen architectural pieces, today presented in his private living room. German and Austrian archaeologists protested against this crime. In summer 2012 there is increasing concern of looting of the museum and the site, when a video was posted, which shows Syrian soldiers carrying funerary stones.


Some Syrians lose themselves in music as war rages

DAMASCUS, Syria — As cannons thundered and mortar shells exploded nearby, the young Syrian woman in a slinky dark dress and stylish bob performed a song by pop star Adele, taking refuge behind a microphone from the civil war raging outside.
Read more on Lexington Herald Leader


Assenting to peace talks, Syria asserts power

DAMASCUS, Syria — The Syrian government said Wednesday it will participate in U.N.-sponsored peace talks aimed at ending the country"s civil war, but insisted that it is not going to the conference to hand over power. The United Nations on Monday …
Read more on Press Herald




Some Syrians lose themselves in music as war rages

Will the filibuster nuking actually lead to all-out war in the Senate?

Oops, improper button
armageddon war focus_keyword
Picture by Just a Prairie Boy

While the amount of nations proliferate that have nuclear arms capacity, I am not fearful as I was expanding up in the Seventies that Armageddon would occur. We joked about it to alleviate the worry. I remember working in a ski store in which if you engraved the incorrect name into a pair of skis, you ultimately acquired them. Conversely, hitting the wrong button in the White Home, we would perversely say, purchased you eternity.


Will the filibuster nuking in fact lead to all-out war in the Senate?

But the results on the federal judiciary aren&#39t why this procedural maneuver was named soon after atomic armageddon — it&#39s the risk of nuclear fallout. &quotThe purpose it&#39s called the &#39nuclear selection&#39 is simply because the minority has often threatened to &#39shut …
Read far more on The 7 days Magazine


Beirut bombs are more than spillover

It would be analytically a lot a lot more helpful to see this growth in the context of a few older phenomena that have now occur together to bring us to the brink of an Armageddon-like confrontation among two gigantic indigenous forces that can ravage the …
Read through far more on The Everyday Star


Doomsayers develop backlash

In fact I, and many other individuals, genuinely have lived by way of a planet-threatening crisis, in the days of the Cold War and the threat of uncontrolled nuclear war. That was real. Attempt to frighten us with local weather alter … Greenies cease acting like Rooster …
Read through more on Gisborne Herald




Will the filibuster nuking actually lead to all-out war in the Senate?

Sunday, November 24, 2013

Syrian civil war refugees held in Egypt begin hunger strike

William W. Loring, Ulysses S. Grant, and other soldiers
egypt civil war focus_keyword
Impression by Point out Library and Archives of Florida
Nearby get in touch with amount: PR01736


Title: William W. Loring, Ulysses S. Grant, and other troopers


Day: eighteen–


Actual physical descrip: 1 photoprint b&ampw five x 7 in.


Basic note: Right after his support in the Civil War, Loring was suggested by Basic Ulysses S. Grant to be a expert soldier in the Egyptian Military. Loring spent in excess of a decade in Egypt. Later he retired and wrote &quotA Confederate Soldier in Egypt.&quot


Collection Title: Print collection


Repository: State Library and Archives of Florida, 500 S. Bronough St., Tallahassee, FL 32399-0250 United states of america. Speak to: 850.245.6700. Archives@dos.state.fl.us


Persistent URL: www.floridamemory.com/products/show/1666


Syrian civil war refugees held in Egypt begin hunger strike

Of the two million refugees who have fled Syria&#39s civil war, some three hundred,000 went to Egypt, in which they had been acquired warmly in the course of Islamist President Mohamed Morsi&#39s yr in workplace. Syrians who could not pay for to remain in Lebanon or Turkey explained Egypt had&nbsp…
Read through much more on Jerusalem Publish


Russia opens its arms to Cairo as US-Egypt ties fray

&quotRussia is really worried about incoherent US coverage in the Arab entire world, which has led the total Center East into chaos and war. We are really anxious about the danger of civil war breaking out in Egypt. We want to assist restore security. Russia doesn&#39t …
Read through far more on Christian Science Keep track of


Lebanese Writer – Sisi Saved Egypt From Civil War

Lebanese writer Gehad Al-Yazen resolved a concept to the Defense Minister Abdel Fatah El-Sisi in the &quotAl Nahar&quot Lebanese newspaper, in which he expressed his appreciation for him and the Armed Forces success in stopping a civil war in Egypt.
Read much more on AllAfrica.com




Syrian civil war refugees held in Egypt begin hunger strike

Thursday, November 21, 2013

Signs of Zechariah 12:3 and the coming Psalm 83 war.



Author Frank DiMora connects the dots between current events and bible prophecy concerning Zechariah 12:3 and Psalm 83.
Video Rating: 4 / 5

Signs of Zechariah 12:3 and the coming Psalm 83 war.

Wednesday, November 20, 2013

Syria: my journey into a nightmare war

Palmyra, Syria
syria war damascus
Image by james_gordon_losangeles

Palmyra, Arabic: Tadmur, was an ancient city in central Syria. In antiquity, it was an important city located in an oasis 215 km northeast of Damascus[1] and 180 km southwest of the Euphrates at Deir ez-Zor. It had long been a vital caravan stop for travellers crossing the Syrian desert and was known as the Bride of the Desert. The earliest documented reference to the city by its Semitic name Tadmor, Tadmur or Tudmur (which means "the town that repels" in Amorite and "the indomitable town" in Aramaic) is recorded in Babylonian tablets found in Mari.

Though the ancient siteinto disuse after the 16th century, it is still known as Tadmor in Arabic (aka Tedmor), and there is a newer town of the same name next to the ruins.[6] The Palmyrenes constructed a series of large-scale monuments containing funerary art such as limestone slabs with human busts representing the deceased.

Culture

Palmyrans bore Aramaic names, and worshipped a variety of deities from Mesopotamia (Marduk and Ruda), Syria (Hadad, Baʿal, Astarte), Arabia (Allāt) and Greece (Athena). Palmyrans were originally speakers of Aramaic but later shifted to the Greek language. At the time of the Islamic conquests Palmyra was inhabited by several Arab tribes, primarily the Qada’ah and Kalb.

History

Ancient

The exact etymology of the name "Palmyra" is unknown, although some scholars believe it was related to the palm trees in the area. Others, however, believe it may have come from an incorrect translation of the name "Tadmor" (cf. Colledge, Seyrig, Starcky, and others). The city was first mentioned in the archives of Mari in the second millennium BC. It was a trading city in the extensive trade network that linked Mesopotamia and northern Syria. Tadmor is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible (Second Book of Chronicles 8:4) as a desert city built (or fortified) by the King Solomon of Judea:

There had been a temple at Palmyra for 2000 years before the Romans ever saw it. Its form, a large stone-walled chamber with columns outside, is much closer to the sort of thing attributed to Solomon than to anything Roman. It is mentioned in the Bible as part of Solomon’s Kingdom. In fact, it says he built it.

—Terry Jones and Alan Ereira, Terry Jones’ Barbarians, p. 183

Flavius Josephus also attributes the founding of Tadmor to Solomon in his Antiquities of the Jews (Book VIII), along with the Greek name of Palmyra, although this may be a confusion with biblical "Tamara". Several citations in the tractates of the Talmud and of the Midrash also refer to the city in the Syrian desert (sometimes interchanging the letters "d" and "t" – "Tatmor" instead of Tadmor).

Greco-Roman periods

When the Seleucids took control of Syria in 323 BC, the city was left to itself and it became independent, flourishing as a caravan halt in the 1st century BC. In 41 BCE, Mark Antony sent a raiding party to Palmyra, but the Palmyrans had received intelligence of their approach and escaped to the other side of the Euphrates, demonstrating that at that time Palmyra was still a nomadic settlement and its valuables could be removed at short notice.

In the mid 1st century AD, Palmyra, a wealthy and elegant city located along the caravan routes linking Persia with the Mediterranean ports of Roman Syria and Phoenicia, came under Roman control. A period of great prosperity followed.

Jones and Erieira note that Palmyran merchants owned ships in Italian waters and controlled the Indian silk trade. Palmyra became one of the richest cities of the Near East. The Palmyrans had really pulled off a great trick, they were the only people who managed to live alongside Rome without being Romanized. They simply pretended to be Romans.

Palmyra was made part of the Roman province of Syria during the reign of Tiberius (14–37 AD). It steadily grew in importance as a trade route linking Persia, India, China, and the Roman Empire. In 129, Hadrian visited the city and was so enthralled by it that he proclaimed it a free city and renamed it Palmyra Hadriana.

Beginning in 212, Palmyra’s trade diminished as the Sassanids occupied the mouth of the Tigris and the Euphrates. Septimius Odaenathus, a Prince of Palmyra, was appointed by Valerian as the governor of the province of Syria. After Valerian was captured by the Sassanids and died in captivity in Bishapur, Odaenathus campaigned as far as Ctesiphon (near modern-day Baghdad) for revenge, invading the city twice. When Odaenathus was assassinated by his nephew Maconius, his wife Septimia Zenobia took power, ruling Palmyra on the behalf of her son, Vabalathus.

Zenobia rebelled against Roman authority with the help of Cassius Longinus and took over Bosra and lands as far to the west as Egypt, establishing the short-lived Palmyrene Empire. Next, she took Antioch and large sections of Asia Minor to the north. In 272, the Roman Emperor Aurelian finally restored Roman control and Palmyra was besieged and sacked, never to recover her former glory. Aurelian captured Zenobia, bringing her back to Rome. He paraded her in golden chains in the presence of the senator Marcellus Petrus Nutenus, but allowed her to retire to a villa in Tibur, where she took an active part in society for years. A legionary fortress was established in Palmyra and although no longer an important trade center, it nevertheless remained an important junction of Roman roads in the Syrian desert.

Diocletian expanded the city to harbor even more legions and walled it in to try and save it from the Sassanid threat. The Byzantine period following the Roman Empire only resulted in the building of a few churches; much of the city went to ruin.

Islamic rule

The city was captured by Muslim Arabs under Khalid ibn al-Walid in 634 but left intact. After the year 800 and the civil wars that followed the fall of the Umayyad caliphs, people started abandoning the city. At the time of the Crusades, Palmyra was under the Burid emirs of Damascus, then under Toghtekin, Mohammed the son of Shirkuh, and finally under the emirs of Homs. In 1132 the Burids had the Temple of Ba’al turned into a fortress. In the 13th century the city was handed over to the Mamluk sultan Baybars. In 1401, it was sacked by Timur, but recovered quickly, so that in the 15th century it was described as boasting "vast gardens, flourishing trades and bizarre monuments" by Ibn Fadlallah al-Omari.

In the 16th century, Qala’at ibn Maan castle was built on top of a mountain overlooking the oasis by Fakhr ad-Din al-Maan II, a Lebanese prince who tried to control the Syrian Desert. The castle was surrounded by a moat, with access only available through a drawbridge. It is possible that earlier fortifications existed on the hill well before then.

The city declined under Ottoman rule, reduced to no more than an oasis village with a small garrison. In the 17th century its location was rediscovered by Western travellers, and was studied by European and American archaeologists starting in the 19th century. The villagers who had settled in the Temple of Ba’al were dislodged in 1929 by the French authority.

City remains

The most striking building in Palmyra is the huge temple of Ba’al, considered "the most important religious building of the first century AD in the Middle East". It originated as a Hellenistic temple, of which only fragments of stones survive. The central shrine (cella) was added in the early 1st century AD, followed by a large double colonnaded portico in Corinthian style. The west portico and the entrance (propylaeum) date from the 2nd century. The temple measures 205 x 210 m.

Starting from the temple, a colonnaded street, corresponding to the ancient decumanus, leads to the rest of the ancient city. It has a monumental arch (dating to the reign of Septimius Severus, early 3rd century AD) with rich decorations. Next were a temple of Nabu, of which little remains today apart from the podium, and the so-called baths of Diocletian.

The second most noteworthy remain in Palmyra is the theater, today with nine rows of seats, but most likely originally having up to twelve with the addition of wooden structures. It has been dated to the early 1st century AD. Behind the theater were located a small Senate building, where the local nobility discussed laws and made political decisions, and the so-called "Tariff Court", with an inscription suggesting that it was a place for caravans to make payments. Nearby is the large agora (measuring 48 x 71 m), with remains of a banquet room (triclinium); the agora’s entrance was decorated with statues of Septimius Severus and his family.

The first section of the excavations ends with a largely restored tetrapylon ("four columns"), a platform with four sets of four columns (only one of the originals in Egyptian granite is still visible). A transverse street leads to Diocletian’s Camp, built by the Governor of Syria, Sosianus Hierocles, with the remains of the large central principia (hall housing the legions’ standards). Nearby are the temple of the Syrian goddess Allāt (2nd century AD), the Damascus Gate and the Temple of Ba’al-Shamin, erected in AD 17 and later expanded under the reign of Odenathus. Remains include a notable portico leading to the cella.

Funerary art

Outside the ancient walls, the Palmyrenes constructed a series of large-scale funerary monuments which now form the so-called Valley of the Tombs, a 1 km long necropolis, with a series of large, richly decorated structures. These tombs, some of which were below ground, had interior walls that were cut away or constructed to form burial compartments in which the deceased, extended at full length, were placed. Limestone slabs with human busts in high relief sealed the rectangular openings of the compartments.

These reliefs represented the "personality" or "soul" of the person interred and formed part of the wall decoration inside the tomb chamber. A banquet scene depicted on this relief suggests a family tomb rather than that of an individual.

Further excavations

Archaeological teams from various countries have worked on-and-off on different parts of the site. In May 2005, a Polish team excavating at the Lat temple discovered a highly-detailed stone statue of the winged goddess of victory.

Recently, archaeologists in working in central Syria have unearthed the remnants of a 1,200-year-old church believed to be the largest ever discovered in Syria, at an excavation site in the ancient town of Palmyra. This church is the fourth to be discovered in Palmyra. Officials described it as the biggest of its kind to be found so far — its base measuring an impressive 47 meters by 27 meters. The church columns were estimated to be 6 meters tall, with the height of the wooden ceiling more than 15 meters. A small amphitheater was found in the church’s courtyard where the experts believe some Christian rituals were practiced. In November 2010 Austrian media manager Helmut Thoma admitted to looting a Palmyrian grave, where he has stolen architectural pieces, today presented in his private living room. German and Austrian archaeologists protested against this crime. In summer 2012 there is increasing concern of looting of the museum and the site, when a video was posted, which shows Syrian soldiers carrying funerary stones.


Syria: my journey into a nightmare war

Our Syrian friends in the UK were anxious about their families but people weren"t talking much about the war. My mum"s family live in central Damascus, which has stayed relatively safe, but my dad"s family are in a south-eastern area of the city that …
Read more on The Guardian


Syrians grow numb to pain of war as conditions get worse

Syrians are still showing their famed hospitality, extending aid to neighbours and strangers. But this war is now putting pressure on almost everyone. And every time I come back to Damascus, the crisis is different. This time, there"s still a constant …
Read more on BBC News




Syria: my journey into a nightmare war